Home, Science

Paleontology

by Lucas Garcia

The field of Paleontology is fascinating to me. It allows us to study extinct plants and animals to hypothesize what they would’ve been like when they were still alive.  It’s amazing how much our understanding of these wonderful organisms can change as we discover and learn more about them.  One of my absolute favorite examples of this change is exhibited in a popular dinosaur called Spinosaurus.

When Paleontologist Ernst Stromer first described spinosaurus in 1915, little material had been uncovered. Only a few ribs, gastralia (belly ribs), vertebrae, and teeth, along with small parts of the upper and lower jaws, and of course, some of the large neural spines that inspired this dinosaur’s name.  In its original reconstruction, it looked like a Carnosaur with a large sail on its back as opposed to what we know it to look like now.

Early 1900’s Spinosaurus

As if Spinosaurus wasn’t hard enough to study, what with the little fossil information that had been discovered, the original fossils were destroyed in a bombing raid on Munich, Germany, during WWII.  All that was left were detailed drawings of the original fossils.  Studying Spinosaurus proved very difficult, so for most of the 1900s, it was inaccurately depicted as a sail-backed Carnosaur.

Fortunately, almost 40 years later, newer fossil material, along with the important discoveries of two other Spinosaurids, helped to improve our understanding of Spinosaurus significantly.  The first was a dinosaur called Baryonyx, which was discovered in 1983, and over a decade later, in 1998, another Spinosaurid named Suchomimus was discovered.  When material from Spinosaurus was compared with these two, more complete dinosaurs, it was easy to see how similar they were. Because of their long, slender, crocodile-like skulls, Paleontologists were able to determine the shape of Spinosaurus’s head.

Spinosaurus model from Jurassic World: Evolution

But our understanding of Spinosaurus wasn’t done changing just yet.  In 2014, Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim published a study featuring a full-size model reconstruction of a “new” Spinosaurus.  It kept the crocodile-like skull and large sail on its back, but its body had drastically different proportions.  For starters, the 2014 reconstruction has a smaller pelvis and much shorter legs than past reconstructions, and that because of these features, Spinosaurus was an obligatory quadruped.  This study’s accuracy was highly questioned; the main issue that most people had was that this reconstruction was made up of several Spinosaurus individuals, along with gaps being filled in with closely related animals.  This reconstruction can be proven accurate or inaccurate if more complete material of Spinosaurus is found.

As recently as 2020, a new paper was published describing a nearly complete tail of Spinosaurus.  It showed that neural spines continued along the vertebrae of Spinosaurus all the way to the tip of the tail. The vertebrae also had long chevrons on their undersides.  Plus, it was surprisingly flexible, meaning that Spinosaurus could propel itself through the water using its tail as a paddle.  I doubt this will be the last drastic change, but it does bring us closer to fully understanding this amazing animal.

Our understanding changes greatly as new discoveries are made.  And that is why Paleontology is so fascinating to me.  As much as I’d love to see a living dinosaur, I would not want them to be brought back to life because, for me at least, it would spoil the magic and mystery of them.  I’ve loved dinosaurs for as long as I can remember, and even though most people outgrow their interest in them, I’ve never lost mine.  It’s fantastic to me that these awe-inspiring animals once lived on the same planet as I do.

Arts and Culture, Home

The History and Facts of Valentines Day

by Ava Salado

Photo Created from History.com

Pink and Red flowers, pretty cards, over priced chocolates and little Cupid figurines are just some of the things that you think of when we hear the words “Valentines Day”. There is much more behind those words, Valentine’s Day has a much bigger history than you may think. So what is Valentine’s Day really all about? Well “Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get” and believe me, this story is full of surprises. 

There are many stories of how Valentine’s Day was started but no one really knows which one is true or even just the inspiration for the holiday. Some historians believe that it originated from 

St. Valentine, a priest who served during the third century in Rome. The story goes that Emperor Claudius II thought that men would be better soldiers if they did not have families and did not get married, so the emperor made it illegal for any young man to get married. 

St. Valentine saw the unfairness in the new law thus he decided to marry young couples in secret, eventually Cladius discovered what St. Valentine was doing and (did what they always did in old times) beheaded him. People in the third century had awful tempers. 

One story suggested that St. Valentine was killed trying to help Christians escape cruel Roman prisons.

Another legend states that St. Valentine was imprisoned and sent the first “Valentine” introducing himself when he fell in love with a young lady, possibly his captor’s daughter who may have visited him during his imprisonment. Before his death he gave her a card that said “from your Valentine” which is now very popular in today’s romantic cards. 

1. It wasn’t until the 1840s that we got mass-produced valentine cards 

As we just learned, sending pretty cards to your friends and significant other has been a tradition for a long time, but the world had not gotten a mass-produced store-bought valentine until the 1840s! We have Esther A. Howland to thank for that, she commercialized Valentine’s Day cards in America.

2. America spends about 20 billion dollars on Valentine’s Day gifts each year   

According to Hallmark and The National Retail federation, America spends a lot on Valentine’s Day: $2.4 billion on candy alone, $145 million on cards and $27.6 million on just their pet dogs! It has been labeled “one of the most expensive holidays in America” and it definitely shows in the numbers

3. Almost 6 million couples get engaged on Valentine’s Day 

It is certainly a day of romance and not surprisingly one for showing your love to your significant other, so naturally it is just behind Christmas to be the most popular day ever to get engaged.

4. More than 8 million little conversation hearts are manufactured each year  

Conversation Hearts, being one of the most popular Valentine’s Day surprises are bought and manufactured to a crazy amount: more than 8 million each year! Now that’s a lot of corny catch phrases!

So all you students out there, what are your Valentine’s Day traditions, which story of St. Valentine’s do you think is true and what do you think the holiday is all really about? The entire Lighthouse staff wishes you and your family a great (late) Valentine’s day whether you celebrate it or not, have a wonderful day! 

Home, Stories

Four Corners: Quest of the Three – Chapter One

Anara

by Lucie Ruggiero

Roasted card mackerel. Its heavenly scent filled Anara’s nose. The bartender had just slapped two heaping plates of it on a table beside Anara. If she leaned over far enough, she could grab the top fish off the plate. She seriously considered it for a moment, but she had come here for a reason, and she wasn’t about to risk her freedom for the sake of one fish. The last time she had tried stealing someone’s food, the whole tavern had chased her half the night. 

Anara scanned the room, spotting two tables behind a group of rowdy card players. She would be less noticeable in the far back. Pulling her hood lower on her face, she waded through the haze of smoke and body odor to the far table. She was glad it was so crowded. This way, no one would pay attention to her. No one would have any reason to arrest her today. The dull roar of conversation, laughter, and clanking silverware hummed around her, making her head throb. This would be a horrible place for someone to mistake her for a rebel. 

The door banged open, and another rowdy group sauntered in. Pirates. Most came to drown their failures, but these looked practically buoyant with success. Anara leaned in. This could be her lucky night. After three days with no success, she couldn’t afford to mess this up. She also couldn’t afford to be wrong. Her spine tingled with the possibility. Whatever they had must be a valuable prize. Nothing made pirates happier than the promise of gold-filled pockets. 

The captain stepped up to the counter. “Ale for each of us, nothing special,” he said, scanning the room with calculating eyes.

“Aw, come on, captain!” One of the crew stepped up indignantly. “We deserve the finest drink this side of the Baikans for what we accomplished.”

“Silence!” The captain’s face darkened. “You would be wise to keep your mouth shut, Lorenzo.” He ushered his men to a table in the same secluded corner where Anara sat. Lowering his voice to a whisper, he continued, “We won’t get anything but a rope around our throats if this cargo is stolen. We are not in clear water yet. Only once the cargo is put directly in the hands of the commander will I even think about celebrating our success.”

The captain stood. “Well? Who wants a drink?”

His crew silently trailed after him. 

Anara waited until they had settled down with drink and conversation before sneaking back out of the tavern. 

Cargo. Cargo valuable enough to warrant a hanging if it wasn’t delivered. This was her lucky night indeed. She only hoped she could carry it.

Anara stepped onto the road. Little puffs of reddish dirt rose where her feet made contact with the sandstone.  The darkness surrounded her, but she felt at home in this dim, bluish light. No one would or could stare at her here. She walked in the middle of the road, savoring her freedom. She passed by the closed stands where earlier, vendors had sold their fruit and fish beneath the blazing sun. Now it was quiet. Now it was dark. Nighttime brought with it the day of thieves.

A man was walking up from the wharf. Anara ducked into the shadow of an alleyway. The man passed so close she could smell his sweat, although that could have been quite far, considering how strongly he reeked. Anara stifled a gag. The man had stopped just beyond her hiding spot. She tensed, shrinking herself as small as possible against the wall. He was turning toward her. He raised a fist and brought it down hard on the shutters of one of the shops. The thud shattered the night. He continued to pound, making Anara’s ears wither. She was just wondering if she might be able to sneak by him without him noticing when the second-floor window flew open with a clatter. A lantern poked out, closely followed by a bony arm and an even more skeletal-looking face. Anara shrank further into her protective shadow. 

“Well?” the old woman yelled croakily down at the man, “What do you want? It’s past my bedtime, so make it snappy!” 

He seemed slow on the uptake. “Do yuh rent dinghies?”

“Yeah, I do, what of it?” 

“Wull just finished loadin’ uh boat an’ it’s offshore an’ all, so…”

“Spit it out! Some of us like to sleep around here! I haven’t got all night.”

“Wull I need tuh rent uh dinghy fur tomorrow mornin’ real early, so I was wonderin’…” 

“There’s a dinghy at dock six you can use, just go away!” and with that, the old woman slammed the window shut with gusto. 

The man stood there for a moment, then shuffled away, mumbling to himself. 

Once she could no longer smell his sweat or hear his muttering, Anara left her hiding place and continued toward the water. 

Anara melted into the shadow of the last house on the street. Here was the tricky part. The houses and shops were set back some twenty paces from the docks, leaving a wide swath of road where she would be plainly visible to anyone walking in that area. The captain wasn’t stupid, he surely left some of his crew behind to guard the ship. If she was seen, she’d be in chains as soon as they removed her hood. But if she didn’t get that cargo, things would be just as bleak.

Anara frowned. Why are there no lights on the docks? Wait. There, moving along the far end of the wharf. A man carrying a lantern stepped from behind a large ship. He turned back and spoke with someone Anara couldn’t see. She cursed softly. More than one guard meant if she was noticed, she’d be caught for sure. 

Movement. Anara turned, but there was nothing there. It must have been her imagination; the darkness playing tricks on her eyes. She willed herself to focus.

Anara crouched behind a stack of crates that smelled pungently of fish. The docks were packed with boats tonight. Hordes of merchants came to Agora for the day trade, but the town was dead by sundown. The enforced curfew began once the patrol arrived from the nearby Carellion camp, and no one stayed outside after dark to test their luck. No one, that is, except Anara. She shivered a little from the salty night breeze. Maybe this wasn’t such a good idea. The curfew patrol would come any minute, and that slimmed her chances even further of escaping unseen. 

Logic was telling her two things. The first was that her plan was stupidly dangerous. The second was that if she didn’t get whatever that valuable cargo was, her chances of leaving Agora would be non-existent. Anara shifted her weight so her feet wouldn’t fall asleep. She’d been stuck in Agora too long. It was hard enough finding food without the added danger of being caught by the night patrol. This could be her only chance to get away from here for good. Anara pulled her hood low over her face and moved out of the shadows.

“Stop!” a commanding voice broke through the darkness. 

Anara froze mid-step. Already? She hadn’t even fully left her hiding spot. 

“Show yourself if you don’t want to be turned in for breaking curfew!”

Anara realized the voice was coming from a distance. He hadn’t seen her. He must be talking to someone else. Anara peeped over the edge of the fish crate. The man was the same one she’d seen before, at the far end of the docks. He had his back turned and his lantern raised towards the trees, which marked the beginning of the scrubby woods at the end of the wharf. This was her chance.

Anara dashed along the docks, as close to the water’s edge as possible, to avoid being seen by the rest of those on guard behind the ship. Her feet fell quickly, light and silent on the ground. At the same time, Anara noticed a shadow climbing the side of the pirates’ ship. Another thief? Anara clenched her teeth and ran faster. Reaching the ship, she began to climb up the side. The wood was rough under her bare hands, and the ship swayed, making balancing tricky.

“Hey, Erika, I saw a light in the woods, should we go check it out?” The man with the lantern was talking to the other guard.

“Leave it be, Jamal.” The woman’s voice–Erika, Anara presumed–was hoarse, like the grinding of two stones. “It’s probably just some fisherman sneaking out after curfew. We’d be wasting our time. Besides, no one knows about the map except us.”

Jamal still sounded unsure; “Are you sure there’s no chance that someone found out? I think maybe we should check around the docks again.”

“We’d see if someone was in the captain’s quarters–the windows, remember? And the captain said to stay by the ship. Do you really want to disobey his direct orders?” 

“I guess you’re right.” 

All of a sudden, Anara’s foothold faltered, and she slid on the slick planks. She gasped as her hands took all of her weight. Clinging to the ship like a barnacle, she searched for another foothold. Her arms shook from the strain of holding herself up. After what felt like ages, her foot found a firm hold again. Her hands shook as she continued to climb. Something hairy brushed her fingers. She snatched her hand back, but it was only a very old, seaweed encrusted rope. She almost laughed as she grabbed it, but her confidence was still shaken. Gripping the rope so hard her hands began to numb, she pulled herself onto the deck of the ship. 

So, a map was what this valuable cargo was. Anara wondered what could be so important about a map. She sat for a moment, rubbing her sore hands against her breeches, then stood. 

The map would be kept in the captain’s quarters. Anara looked around the deck of the ship. She had seen countless ships come into port, but she had never been on one. This plan was falling apart faster than she could come up with it. 

Through a crack in the deck, Anara saw a muffled light moving. The other thief! The map must be below-deck. The best plan of action would be to follow the other thief and hope she could get the map before they did.

Below deck, the boat groaned and creaked. Anara felt even dizzier. She walked along the narrow hallway, listening for any sign of the other thief. A clink. Small but audible. There it was again. She crept forward, shoulders tense. There was a door at the end of the hallway. Through its window, she saw a sliver of light. She tip-toed forward and looked through. 

A boy of around sixteen–not much older than her–stood, blue face illuminated by a covered lantern on the navigation table. Anara gasped. The last time she’d seen a dauf was when her parents left. He must be part of the rebellion. She’d seen the wanted posters for rebel leaders and dauvish convicts, but it had been a long time since she’d seen someone who looked so similar to her in person. 

The boy held a scrap of paper up to the light, no bigger than Anara’s hands put together. The map. Anara sighed a little. It looked rather unimpressive. Old, maybe, but other than that, unremarkable. It will be worth it. So long as I’m not caught. 

Anara waited, flat against the wall, as the boy packed up the map. He opened the door slowly, silent as a spider. The leather map-container was in the hand closer to Anara. She seized the chance. Ducking out from the shadows, she grabbed the map. The boy’s split-second of surprise was enough to give Anara the edge. She raced towards the ladder as quietly as she could. He was hot on her heels. Anara slipped the map into a bag on her belt and grabbed a rung of the ladder. Halfway up, he grabbed her foot. She shook him off and climbed faster.

Anara threw herself onto the deck, crashing into a stack of barrels. They tumbled on top of her, making a huge racket in the process. One fell directly on Anara’s ankle. She yelped as the heavy barrel rolled off her foot. 

“Hey! Who’s there?” Erika yelled. “Come on, Jamal, I think we have a trespasser.”

Anara scrambled to the gangplank and pushed off the ship. Erika yelled a curse.

“Get the captain, Jamal! There’s a thief on board!”

“But what if they get away…?”

“Just go! I’ll make sure they don’t escape.” 

Anara heard the sound of a cocked pistol. Oh no. She raced across the deck, side-stepping barrels. She could jump into the water and hide beneath one of the docks if she just–a hand grabbed the hood of her cloak just as she was about to jump. She jerked back, hood falling off, and turned. Before she could pull her hood back up, the second thief saw her face. His eyes widened in surprise. 

“But–wait–you’re dauvish? But, you’re not part of the–who are you?” 

Anara froze. Erika had climbed the side of the ship. Her broad silhouette loomed tall. 

Anara’s ears exploded. A flash of fire shot towards the sky from Erika’s pistol, and suddenly Anara was falling through the air. Her head rang from the sound of the pistol shot. Everything was spinning. 

Water hit Anara’s face full force as she crashed into the sea. Salt filled her mouth. She kicked upwards and surfaced, gasping for air. This is ridiculous. She paddled towards the nearest dock. Clinging to the slimy pylon, she tried to catch her breath. Through the ringing in her ears, she could vaguely make out the sound of Erika yelling. Then thundering footsteps. More shouts. More confusion. More dizziness. 

She stayed wrapped around the pylon for a while, just letting the water lap up and down. She breathed deep. In and out, push and pull. Her hearing was beginning to come back. She opened her eyes and listened. 

The patrol had arrived. The docks were in a state of confusion. Guards were yelling about curfew, and the captain from the tavern was yelling back about special privileges. They didn’t seem to know yet that she’d stolen the map, but it was only a matter of time. She needed to move. Once they started searching, she’d have little chance of escape. They’d probably wake half the town if the map was as valuable as the captain had said. She let go of the pylon and swam further away from the pirates’ ship. 

The next dock was different from the others. Most had one ship docked, but this one had many small boats and dinghies. Dinghies. The word rang a bell. She looked at the dock number. Dock six! This was the one the old lady told the sweaty seaman he could get a dinghy from. And there! Anchored in the harbor! The boat he’d said was leaving first thing tomorrow. Maybe she could hitch a ride.

Arts and Culture

Things to look forward to in 2021

by Ava Salado

It’s finally 2021! I’m sure that’s what we have all been saying for the last three weeks. So now that we put this speed bump of a year in the Costco parking lot of life to bed, we start on this (hopefully) less bumpy path of 2021. We come into this year with hopes for the future; for the world to get better, for people to get better, and for ourselves to be better. So, to keep your spirits up, here are some things to look forward to in 2021! 

The Tokyo Olympics 

Photo courtesy of International Finance Magazine 

The Tokyo Olympics are still scheduled for July and August of this year, after last year’s Olympics being postponed, I am sure the world is very excited for this year’s event!

NASA’s Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars

Photo from NASA Mars Exploration Program 

NASA’s Perseverance Rover was launched July 30th, 2020, and is now going to land on the face of Mars on February 18th, 2021. After the hard and dedicated work of thousands of men and women we are about to open a new chapter in space exploration!

The Queen of England turns 95

Photo from Showbiz Cheat Sheet

On June 12th, the Queen of England will celebrate her 95 birthday, she has been Monarch for 65 years now!

(Fun fact, is that the queen actually celebrates two birthdays, one for her official birth date, April 21st, and one on the second Saturday of June for the day she was coronated)

The 50th anniversary of Walt Disney World

Photo courtesy of Blooloop

First opening its doors October 1st, 1971, 2021 is Walt Disney World’s 50th year of business. Since it opened after the wildly popular Disneyland in California, anyone who goes there will surely say that this magical place is, just like its sister park, one of the happiest places on earth!

New Shows and Movies

    Photo Create From Forbes

We are all anxiously waiting for our favorite shows and movies to come out, like A Friends Reunion show in March, the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air reboot on Peacock, a new season of The Mandalorian and the first Season of the Book of Boba Fett. For movies, we have a new Cinderella, Fantastic Beasts, Top Gun: Maverick, and so much more! 

There are many more things to look forward to in the year, but just trying to make fun events with your family, like family games or movie nights, Nerf or Laser Tag fights, or anything that you and your family can enjoy will make your week and year so much more exciting!  

Home, News

Amanda Gorman’s Inaugural Performance

by Emma Ruggiero

Image courtesy of CNN

On Wednesday, January 20th, at the inauguration of Joe Biden, 22-year-old Amanda Gorman surpassed all other inaugural performances when she delivered her show-stopping poem, The Hill We Climb. Using her exceptional skill with words, the young writer crafted a poem combining unison, hope, and justice with current events. She even managed to weave in a couple of Hamilton references.

When Amanda Gorman found out that she would be the inaugural poet, she began researching ideas right away. In an interview with Anderson Cooper of CNN, Gorman explained that she was only about halfway through the process of creating her poem when the insurrection happened at the Capitol on January 6. She explained that, as she was watching the violence happening, she was also looking at the tweets and articles that began to pop up. When she saw and read about what was happening, she knew she had to include some of it in her poem. The line “We’ve seen a force that would shatter our nation, rather than share it,” was inspired by several tweets she saw. She said, about the event, “it energized me even more to believe that much more firmly in the message of hope and unity and healing. I felt like that was the type of poem that I needed to write, and it was the type of poem that the country and the world needed to hear.” 

In 2017, Gorman received the honor of becoming the very first National Youth Poet Laureate. When she performed her piece at the 2021 presidential inauguration, she became the youngest of the now six total inaugural poets, the first of which was Robert Frost. Joe Biden is the fourth U.S. President to continue the tradition of inaugural poets. The other three presidents were Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, and John F. Kennedy. 

At the ceremony, Gorman wore a bright yellow coat and red satin hair accessory, which made her stand out against the crowd like a beacon of light. According to an article from CNN, her gold hoop earrings and ring were gifts from Oprah Winfrey. The ring was in the shape of a caged bird to symbolize Maya Angelou, the poet who performed at Bill Clinton’s inauguration in 1993.

In the interview, Gorman also talked about the speech impediment she had been struggling with her whole life, which caused her to drop letters from her words as she spoke. She shared that her love of poetry and writing helped her express herself, and reciting her poems out loud pushed her to challenge her voice and eventually move past her impediment. Even up until college, she struggled to pronounce the letter R. She explained that she practiced pronouncing the letter by rapping along to the well-known Hamilton song, ‘Aaron Burr, Sir.’ 

Gorman’s love of Hamilton inspired her to include a couple of references to the musical in her poem. The lines, “For while we have our eyes on the future, / history has its eyes on us,” allude to the song, ‘History Has Its Eyes On You.’ Gorman admitted, “I’m really proud that I was able to incorporate that [the references] in there.”

Additionally, Gorman revealed that, before her big performance, she closed her eyes and recited her mantra, “I’m the daughter of black writers / We’re descended from freedom-fighters / who broke their chains and changed the world / They call me.”

The final line of Gorman’s beautiful poem sparked peace and hope for all Americans: “For there is always light, / if only we’re brave enough to see it / If only we’re brave enough to be it.”

Home, Stories

Four Corners: Quest of the Three – Teaser: Chapter One

Anara

by Lucie Ruggiero

Roasted card mackerel. It’s heavenly scent filled Anara’s nose. The bartender had just slapped two heaping plates of it on a table beside Anara. If she leaned over far enough, she could grab the top fish off the plate. She seriously considered it for a moment, but she had come here for a reason, and she wasn’t about to risk her freedom for the sake of one fish. The last time she had tried stealing someone’s food, the whole tavern had chased her half the night.

Anara scanned the room, spotting two tables behind a group of rowdy card players. She would be less noticeable in the far back. Pulling her hood lower on her face, she waded through the haze of smoke and body odor to the far table. She was glad it was so crowded. This way, no one would pay attention to her. No one would have any reason to arrest her today. The dull roar of conversation, laughter, and clanking silverware hummed around her, making her head throb. This would be a horrible place for someone to mistake her for a rebel. 

The door banged open, and another rowdy group sauntered in. Pirates. Most came to drown their failures, but these looked practically buoyant with success. Anara leaned in. This could be her lucky night. After three days with no success, she couldn’t afford to mess this up. She also couldn’t afford to be wrong. Her spine tingled with the possibility. Whatever they had must be a valuable prize. Nothing made pirates happier than the promise of gold-filled pockets. 

The captain stepped up to the counter. “Ale for each of us, nothing special,” he said, scanning the room with calculating eyes.

“Aw, come on, captain!” One of the crew stepped up indignantly. “We deserve the finest drink this side of the Baikans for what we accomplished.”

“Silence!” The captain’s face darkened. “You would be wise to keep your mouth shut, Lorenzo.” He ushered his men to a table in the same secluded corner where Anara sat. Lowering his voice to a whisper, he continued, “We won’t get anything but a rope around our throats if this cargo is stolen. We are not in clear water yet. Only once the cargo is put directly in the hands of the commander will I even think about celebrating our success.”

The captain stood. “Well? Who wants a drink?”

His crew silently trailed after him. 

Anara waited until they had settled down with drink and conversation before sneaking back out of the tavern. 

Cargo. Cargo valuable enough to warrant a hanging if it wasn’t delivered. This was her lucky night indeed. She only hoped she could carry it.

Anara stepped onto the road. Little puffs of reddish dirt rose where her feet made contact with the sandstone.  The darkness surrounded her, but she felt at home in this dim, bluish light. No one would or could stare at her here. She walked in the middle of the road, savoring her freedom. She passed by the closed stands where earlier, vendors had sold their fruit and fish beneath the blazing sun. Now it was quiet. Now it was dark. Nighttime brought with it the day of thieves.

A man was walking up from the wharf. Anara ducked into the shadow of an alleyway. The man passed so close she could smell his sweat, although that could have been quite far, considering how strongly he reeked. Anara stifled a gag. The man had stopped just beyond her hiding spot. She tensed, shrinking herself as small as possible against the wall. He was turning toward her. He raised a fist and brought it down hard on the shutters of one of the shops. The thud shattered the night. He continued to pound, making Anara’s ears wither. She was just wondering if she might be able to sneak by him without him noticing when the second-floor window flew open with a clatter. A lantern poked out, closely followed by a bony arm and an even more skeletal-looking face. Anara shrank further into her protective shadow. 

“Well?” the old woman yelled croakily down at the man, “What do you want? It’s past my bedtime, so make it snappy!” 

He seemed slow on the uptake. “Do yuh rent dinghies?”

“Yeah, I do, what of it?” 

“Wull just finished loadin’ uh boat an’ it’s offshore an’ all, so…”

“Spit it out! Some of us like to sleep around here! I haven’t got all night.”

“Wull I need tuh rent uh dinghy fur tomorrow mornin’ real early, so I was wonderin’…” 

“There’s a dinghy at dock six you can use, just go away!” and with that, the old woman slammed the window shut with gusto. 

The man stood there for a moment, then shuffled away, mumbling to himself. 

Once she could no longer smell his sweat or hear his muttering, Anara left her hiding place and continued toward the water. 

Anara melted into the shadow of the last house on the street. Here was the tricky part. The houses and shops were set back some twenty paces from the docks, leaving a wide swath of road where she would be plainly visible to anyone walking in that area. The captain wasn’t stupid, he surely left some of his crew behind to guard the ship. If she was seen, she’d be in chains as soon as they removed her hood. But if she didn’t get that cargo, things would be just as bleak.

Anara frowned. Why are there no lights on the docks? Wait. There, moving along the far end of the wharf. A man carrying a lantern stepped from behind a large ship. He turned back and spoke with someone Anara couldn’t see. She cursed softly. More than one guard meant if she was noticed, she’d be caught for sure. 

Movement. Anara turned, but there was nothing there. It must have been her imagination; the darkness playing tricks on her eyes. She willed herself to focus.

Home, News

The Inauguration of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris

by The Lighthouse Staff

On January 20th, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris were sworn into their new roles as President and Vice President. The ceremony took place in front of the capitol building, with spectators observing on the lawn below.

Sonia Sotomayor– the first Hispanic Supreme Court justice– swore in Kamala Harris, after which Lady Gaga performed the national anthem. There were also performances by Jennifer Lopez and Garth Brooks.

Joe Biden was sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts. His inaugural address focused on themes of unity, saying, “Politics need not be a raging fire destroying everything in its path.” He also promised that “I will be a President for all Americans. I will fight as hard for those who did not support me as for those who did.”

After the speech concluded, Amanda Gorman, the youngest ever inaugural poet, recited a poem she wrote in the aftermath of the assault on the capitol. “For there is always light,/if only we’re brave enough to see it/If only we’re brave enough to be it.” After this, Rev. Silvester Beaman, a personal friend of the Bidens, concluded the ceremony with a benediction.

Fewer spectators were present than usual because of the pandemic. Among those present were former presidents Bush, Obama, and Clinton. Former President Trump and former First Lady Melania Trump were not at the ceremony as they had already left for their home in Mar-a-Lago. There were many members of the Biden family present, including grandchildren. It snowed briefly during the inauguration but was mostly sunny.

Home, Science

Common Side-Blotched Lizard

Lucas Garcia

The three throat colors of the male lizards

The common side-blotched lizard is a unique animal.  The males behave in 3 different ways and also differ in the color of the scales on their throats.  There are three different colors: blue, orange, and yellow.  Certain behaviors correspond to each color. The different colors have a unique “Rock-Paper-Scissors” form of competition.  The Blue-throated males form a group to protect one female. They are beaten by the slightly larger and more aggressive Orange throats, who have groups protecting multiple females. In turn, the Orange-throated males are beaten by the sneakier Yellow throats, who slip past their defense. However, the Blue throats groups are so tight that the yellow throats cannot sneak in.  Blue beats Yellow, Yellow beats Orange, Orange beats Blue; Rock-Paper-Scissors.

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A Crash Course on the 25th Amendment

by Olivia Brazier

Well, it’s happening again. This time, Donald Trump has been impeached because of his words which incited the violent insurrection at the capitol. Although the impeachment process has started, other options were initially discussed for getting rid of the President. One of them was the 25th amendment, which Mike Pence could have used to remove Trump from office and take his place.

Hearing about this course of action raises a few questions. How does this amendment work? How do you decide if a President can’t do his job? Why is it an amendment and not part of the actual Constitution? Hopefully, I can answer these questions for you and explain why lawmakers didn’t go with this option.

There is very little written about the role of the Vice President in our Constitution. Here is what Article II, section 1 of our Constitution says about succeeding the President.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The main issue with this was that there was no way to replace a Vice President if they died in office. This happened frequently enough that for around 20% of US history before 1965, there was no one to step up if the President died. It was also unclear who decided if a President was unable to perform his duties. What if Congress wanted to remove a President, but the Commander in Chief insisted that he was still able to use his power properly? What if a President was unwell but recovered?

The 25th amendment, which was ratified in 1965, codified the traditional practice of presidential succession after death, and it specified that after a President resigned, their successor became President, not Acting President.

Section 1

In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

It also specified a process through which a President could nominate and confirm a new Vice President.

Section 2

Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

Section 3

Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

Now we come to the part of the amendment that is most relevant today.

Section 4

Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

Although this amendment could be used to remove a president from office, it’s not designed for the current situation. This power of the Vice Presidents is supposed to be used when the President is “unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.” Although Donald Trump may be seen by some as self-serving and dangerous, he is still technically able to perform his duties.

So now we know how we got to Trump’s second impeachment and why it was the best option. If lawmakers are set on keeping Trump out of the White House forever, they will have to go through the longer process of impeachment. But for those evacuated from their offices ahead of an angry mob, it’s probably worth the wait.

Home, Science

Leaping Blennies: A Terrestrial Fish!

by Blake Killion

The Pacific Leaping Blenny (Alticus arnoldorum) is one of a limited number of amphibious fish, a kind of fish that can leave water for an extended period of time. What makes Pacific Leaping Blennies and other kinds of Leaping Blennies so interesting, besides their head crests and reddish-orange dorsal fins, is their ability to leap around their habitats using a flicking motion of their tails!

Image courtesy of Monterey Bay Aquarium

Their uncommon method of movement is especially unique, and only found in a couple of other species related to them. They are able to flick their tails up to 90° and can do so repeatedly and with a sufficient amount of strength to allow leaping several times their own body length, which is usually around eight centimeters. (or roughly three inches for us with a worse system of measurement.) They use this to leap from hole to hole in their limestone, and were likely named due to this. 

Image credit: © Georgina Cooke, via Australian Museum.

In combination with their leaping, they also have expanded pectoral and tail fins which allow them to cling to solid surfaces. The Blennies breathe through their porous skin when in the air, and their gills when in water, both of which they must keep moisturized. They are oviparous, and form distinct pairs when mating.

The habitat of Pacific Leaping Blennies is usually limestone rocks in reefs, which they are patterned to camouflage into, in such locations as Samoa, Guam, and the Marianas, Society and Cook Islands, which are in the western and southern Pacific Ocean. Blennies are most active during mid-tide, which usually lasts around two to four hours, and tend to hide in moist crevices in rocks to avoid drying out or being swept away by stronger tides during the rest of the day. When they are active, they tend not to intentionally go into the deep water and spend most of their time on the land. Their diet consists primarily of algae, which they scrape off of the rocks they live on. 

Image courtesy of Monterey Bay Aquarium

Pacific Leaping Blennies are an incredibly unique and interesting animal, a complex mix of land and sea creature. If you live in the California area and want to see one up close, visit the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which houses a small habitat of this fantastic fish, as well as a plethora of other amazing sea creatures!