Arts and Culture, Science

Concorde: A Pinnacle of Air Travel

By Hudson Ebach

The Concorde was a supersonic jet airliner, manufactured by Aérospatiale, British Aircraft Corporation, Sud Aviation, and British Aerospace. It was made in 1976 and was retired in 2003.

About The Concorde.

The Concorde went speeds up to Mach 2 (over 1500 MPH), making it the fastest airliner to have ever been built. It was so fast that if you left London in the afternoon and flew to New York, the passengers would see the sun rising again! It flew faster than the earth’s rotation!

The engines, Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 (Thanks google!) were turbojet engines. These engines (turbojet type) would eject a high energy gas stream from the engines exhaust nozzle. They were placed on the back of the Concorde’s wings.

Image from Heritage Concorde

The Concorde’s wings were different from the ones you would see today. Most airliner wings don’t connect through the whole fuselage, however “…the Concorde’s wings were triangular. And there was no space between the fuselage and the wing of the Concorde as there was in a standard passenger airliner. The Concorde’s wing was called a ‘delta-wing’ design and did the following: Reduces drag by being thin and swept back (55 degrees with the fuselage) [and] provides sufficient lift for takeoff and landing at subsonic speeds.” (courtesy of HowStuffWorks). So, just like any other plane, while unique, the Delta Wings were an important part of the Concorde.

Image courtesy of PBS

Another thing that made the Concorde unique was its landing gear. The landing gear was standard, similar to other airliners which only have three landing gear parts that come down. However, on the Concorde, there were four separate parts, two on the side, one on the front,  and one on the tail. The reason for the “Bumper” landing gear was because the Concorde landed at an 11-degree angle, caused by the Delta Wings.

Image from Concorde SST

With the Concorde landing at an 11-degree angle, the pilots couldn’t see the runway while taking off and landing. To fix this issue, the nose of the Concorde would move down at a 5-degree angle during takeoff and a 12.5-degree angle while landing. This movable nose (Called the Droop Snoot) was one of the most well-known things about the Concorde. The Droop Snoot is one of the things that make Concorde one of the most well-known airliners today.

Image from hooperquinn.com/concorde

The Downfall of the Concorde.

Remember how I said, “the Concorde went to speeds up to Mach 2.”? Well, a plane that goes Mach 2 is expensive. Not that expensive, only about ONE BILLION DOLLARS. A standard A320 Is only about $10,000,000. But not this beast, you could probably fill a whole Olympic swimming pool full of Peanut Butter with One Billion Dollars. Maybe 2 pools. But the big whammy was a thing that would guarantee it shutting down.

The End of the Concorde (and Hôtelissimo Les Relais Bleus)

It’s July 25, 2000 and Air France flight 4590 is about to taxi onto Runway 26 from Paris Charles de Gaulle airport. Just before that, a Continental jet had just taken off or landed, and during that process it lost a titanium alloy strip, leaving it on the tarmac. Flight 4590 lined up on the runway with 2645.55 pounds of taxi fuel left, which was supposed to be burned off before takeoff. At this point, there were lots of red flags but ATC gave Flight 4590 the clearance for takeoff and started taking off. Everything was going fine, until one of the Concorde’s tires ran over the titanium alloy strip. The tire then exploded, shooting a piece of rubber into a fuel tank. Unfortunately at this point the leftover taxi fuel exploded in a fiery mess. The landing gear got stuck and being past the takeoff bail mark, the pilots had to take off with a fireball on the rear of the plane.

Image from Google images, believed to have been licensed to the Associated Press

So, at this point the flight is in bad shape and unfortunately it is going to get worse. Flight 4590 then tried to get to a high enough altitude to land the plane. They only got so high and then started descending, right into Hôtelissimo Les Relais Bleus. 103 people died in the plane. Four died in the hotel. This was a major cause of the downfall of the Concorde.

The Concorde had its last flight on November 26, 2003.

Should they bring back the Concorde?

In my opinion as an Avgeek, yes. But as a person who thinks “normally”, no.

The Concorde cost way too much and was a ticking time bomb. Any plane that needs a nose that moves to see the runway seems like a bad idea.

With that said, the Concorde was just a glimpse of what aviation is. Just to show what humans can do. In closing, I, Hudson, want to state, bring it back! We can make it safer and better! 

Stories

The Woods

by Camden S.

I wake up on a normal morning, the rays of sun shining through the windows, birds chirping after returning from migrating south for the winter. It’s a Saturday morning after a long week at school. I love sleeping in on Saturday mornings, my eyelids still heavy after a long night of dreaming. As I lay in bed peacefully, my Dad calls my name. “Henry, start packing, we’re leaving in an hour!” And then my peacefulness ends as I remember we have a camping trip lasting the whole weekend. It’s not that I don’t like camping, in fact, I love it. But I was looking forward to a nice calm weekend instead of hiking until my legs feel like they’re going to fall off.

I drag myself out of bed and head to the bathroom to brush my teeth. As I exit my bedroom my little brother Gregory (we usually call him Greg) comes running up to me. “Henry, I’m so excited! Do you think we’ll find any animals?!” He says jumping up and down. Can’t you go bother someone else? I say to him, not in the mood to start a long conversation. “But Dad’s busy packing, so there is no one else to talk to.” He says, sounding disappointed. I push past him ignoring his questions and go brush my teeth.

After I brush my teeth, I head downstairs to have some breakfast. My Dad sees me and asks, “Are you excited for the trip, son?”. Sure am, Dad, I say trying not to sound like I don’t really want to go. I feel bad for my Dad. It’s been hard ever since my mom passed away a couple years ago. He’s been trying to comfort us by taking us on many adventures, but it can sometimes be a little bit tiring.

I finish packing and get in the car, ready to go. My dad comes out of the house looking like he’s carrying a whole convenience store’s worth of goods and loads it into the back of the car. Greg comes out of the house, excited to go and begins running in circles.

It takes us about 4 hours to reach our camping location. It’s a really beautiful place; the sound of water flowing down the lush green hills and squirrels leaping from one tree to another. When we arrive at our spot, we begin unloading the car. I grab the tent with my Dad and start assembling it, while trying to figure out where the heck this one pole goes. After that, I grab a book and sit underneath a tree to read.

As dusk approaches, we all head into the one cramped tent that we all share. Our particular tent has a little clear plastic window at the top so you can see the stars. I lay there looking at constellations while I drift asleep.

The next morning, we wake up bright and early, Greg is the first one, wanting to head outside the tent while I was still trying to sleep. “Calm down Greg, I’m trying to sleep,” I say. “How can I calm down!? I want to head outside!” I love Greg but he doesn’t really understand the concept of relaxation. All this commotion wakes my Dad up and he takes Greg outside.

When I head outside the tent, I find them cooking some sausages. I walk up to my Dad, and he hands me a plate. I breathe in and smell the wood burning in the fire and the scent of the trees and flowers all around me. It smells amazing. I sit down on a seat near the fire and begin devouring my sausages.

Once we’re finished eating, we get ready to go on a hike. I grab my boots and favorite hat. My dad steps out of the tent and asks us if we’re ready to go. As ready as I’ll ever be, I say still half asleep. As we start trekking through the forest, I look all around me and see many beautiful things, from the little bugs on the ground fauna to the giant eagles flying above the treetops.

Around noon, and an hour into our hike, we hear rustling in a bush off on the side of the path. As we go to investigate, we see a deer snacking on some leaves. I see Greg the most excited I think I’ve ever seen him. The deer notices us and starts to run away but when Greg sees this, he runs after the deer. Greg! I yell as I run after him. My dad did the same and we run through the forest in an attempt to stop him. I eventually catch up with him and I grab his wrist. “What were you doing Greg? It’s not safe to run out into the woods like that.” I look around to see where my dad is, but I can’t find him. I call out for him but hear no response, we must have gotten separated while chasing Greg. I have no idea where I am, and the trail is nowhere to be seen.

Greg starts crying and says, “I’m so sorry, I shouldn’t have run off like that. I just wanted to say hi to the deer.” It’s ok Greg. Do you remember the way back to the trail? “I don’t. Are we lost?” he asks between sobs. I don’t know, but we should try to find our way back before it gets dark. I think we went this way. Holding Greg’s hand, we start to find our way back to camp.

It’s quite scary being in a forest all alone. I hear noises echoing in the tall trees above my head. I see a squirrel running away, afraid, just like how we feel as we are trying to find the way back to camp.

After a while of walking, I notice the sun starting to set. I realize that we will not be able to find our way back today, and we’ll be stuck out here for the night. Just thinking about being stuck out here in the cold scares me. Just Greg and I alone. What happens if a bear comes? I can’t think about this now, I need to focus on finding somewhere to sleep for the night. After about 10 minutes I spot a cave. Looks like we’ll be spending the night here, Greg. “What! We are sleeping here!? What about camp and Dad!?” he yells. We’re going to have to continue looking tomorrow, but we need rest right now, I say, exhausted.

The cave is pretty big, and it seems safe as I walk into it. I call over Greg, saying to follow me into the cave. My voice echoes off the cave walls creating an eerie effect. I gather some leaves to make a bed, so we don’t have to sleep on the bare rock. As the sun sets, we lay in the cave as the forest starts to fall asleep. Something I never would’ve expected about being in the woods alone was how, after your fear fades, you notice how peaceful it is. The only sound is the light breeze and swaying trees.

Greg and I wake the next morning to a sound outside the cave. A slight bristling in the leaves as something moves through them. We lay in silence, fear creeping in as I wonder if it is a bear. Every second feels like an hour, the suspense unbearable as it gets closer to the cave. And suddenly, I see my father. I feel Happiness, joy and relief all at the same time as I run to my father to give him a big hug with Greg close behind me. As I hug my father, I think to myself how Greg and I just survived a night in the woods, and how this will be the best story I will tell in my life.

The End

Arts and Culture

An Opinion of BeamNG.Drive – A Website turned into a Game

by Hudson Ebach

BeamNG.Drive is the best driving game I have ever played in my 7 years of playing games.  It is my go-to car game for many different reasons that I will talk about here.

I first found out about BeamNG.Drive when I was just 4 years old and came across a YouTuber playing the game. He was smashing cars and doing police chases with the AI.  At that moment, watching him playing it, I felt a spark.  Like a voice telling me, “Yeah, you need this game.”  Fast forward to a couple of years later and I had it to enjoy myself!

The game was originally a website that you would visit and could drive a truck in a Gridmap (that is simply the name of the map).  The developers posted their first video on YouTube showing their website. It was HUGE.  Everyone was so impressed by the realistic Soft Body and driving physics of a website.  Eventually, BeamNG.Drive started to make some big changes, including adding cars, maps and more.  This was exciting for the community of players.  Next, it became a downloadable game you could purchase.

The game play for BeamNG.Drive is unique to other car games that I have played and is one of many reasons why it is my favorite.  The first time playing the game it might seem like a standard sandbox style car game.  You spawn into a world, and you see a simple truck.  Well, the truck itself is more complicated than you would think.  Inside the truck is a bunch of J Beam Nodes (Nodes are masspoints and the core of the BeamNG physics, according to their website) that make the truck act like a standard truck would.  The truck has a normal interior: seat, steering wheel, pedals, etc.  The only thing missing is a driver which makes smashing into the side of a building safer and more fun.  Also, it is not just one truck you can drive; what makes BeamNG.drive so enjoyable is a wide selection of cars, trucks, trailers and many variations of these vehicles.

Along with the vehicle options, maps are another part of BeamNG.drive that makes it special.  West Coast USA is a city map based on California cities and highways, just to give one example. Their map files are smaller, so it runs smoothly while playing.

The AI is a standout feature of the game that helps make it feel immersive.  You can feel as if you are actually chasing a Gravil-H series (one of many car options) with a Police Package Gravil Grand Marshal.  The AI continues to enhance the game experience, if you are getting bored driving by yourself.  There are multiple ways to use AI and bust that boredom!

As if that is not enough, there are mods.  The mods are a big part of the BeamNG.Drive community.  Mods can include cars, maps, accessories, and much more.  It keeps the game exciting with new features.

BeamNG.drive is the perfect way to experience a car game with good crash physics which is unlike other racing games.  The work that the developers put into making this game, along with mods from the community of players, is so impressive and fun.  I highly recommend BeamNG.Drive to anyone interested in car games or gaming in general.

Arts and Culture

The Hidden Meanings of Howl’s Moving Castle

by Lydia I. Martinov

Howl’s Moving Castle is a book by Diana Wynn Jones, which was turned into an animated movie by Studio Ghibli. It has many philosophical sub-themes, and hidden meanings. It is not your average kids movie. When you first watch this masterpiece, you will probably find it unusual, strange, or even insane. Nobody knows exactly what the author of the book, Diana Wynn Jones, or the director of the movie, Hayao Miyazaki, were going for with these hidden meanings, but many have come up with some very interesting theories. 

The Castle:

A popular theory about the castle is that it symbolizes Howl’s unwillingness to settle down. It’s a bit strange, but the castle and Howl are kind of the same. It is powerful, but it appears to be disorganized and on the verge of falling apart, a lot like how Howl is crushed by the weight of his burdens, and can collapse at any moment. The state of the castle changes near the end of the movie, and stabilizes, mirroring Howl’s change.

The Curse:

In the beginning, Sophie is a young girl working all day, not having fun like other girls her age, and overall acting like an old lady. Because she is the eldest of three, she feels the need to work all day, and every day in her father’s hat shop, and one day take over. She has no life outside of the shop. When she was put under the spell, she didn’t fight it. She just accepted it. I believe that the curse reflected the age of her soul. The more she fell in love, and felt young, the younger she became. In other words, the curse is a metaphor to how Sophie feels on the inside. Whenever she would feel confident and passionate, you could see a glimpse of her youth. That’s why her age kept changing throughout the movie. In the beginning, she enjoyed a quieter, slower life. It was only after she became an old woman that she realized that life is too precious to waste.

Sophie’s Hair:

Why did Sophie’s hair remain grey? A common theory is that the curse never truly went away. Maybe a hint of the magic from the curse made it the color of “starlight”.  On the other hand, it could represent her life experience. Maybe the wisdom that she gained on her journey caused the grey in her hair to remain. Her entire personality did not change. Just her experiences.

Time Travel:

Sophie went back in time and saw young Howl and Calcifer. She said “Find me in the future”. Howl, as a child, remembered and began a journey to find her. He recalled her as the most beautiful girl in the world. In order to find her, he began searching, and decided that he had to look “beautiful” himself in order to seduce beautiful girls so he could eventually find Sophie. This is why he was so sad during his hair crisis. He thought he was not attractive enough for his questionable methods. Furthermore, he seduced the Witch of the Waste because he thought she was beautiful, but left her when he found out she used spells to keep herself looking pretty. 

Howl’s Curse:

Howl’s curse was the contract he made when he traded his heart to Calcifer so he could gain power. Without a heart, he slowly becomes emotionless and inhumane. Sophie was the only one who could break the curse, which is what happened after he fell in love with her. Since Calcifer is technically Howl’s heart, when Sophie came into the castle it was as if Howl was letting her into his heart. Also, many rumors stated that Howl “ate” women’s hearts. In reality, he didn’t “eat” them. He broke them.

If you haven’t already read the book (or seen the movie), it is highly recommended that you do. Prepare yourself for the adventure of a lifetime as you travel with Sophie Hatter to a moving castle with a handsome wizard, and a “scary”, powerful fire demon.

Courtesy of Screen Rant
Stories

Four Little Hunters ~A short story

by Olive Pea

It was August in a small English town, and the melancholy gray sky over the trees had ceased its weeping for just a moment. Four children pleaded to be let outside and their mothers finally shooed them through the doors to play for a while, but not without the usual warnings, “be safe, don’t ruin your clothes, and do not go near the woods”. Within minutes, the four young boys convened at the northern edge of town, gaping up at the wall of trees that seemed to erupt from the ground like knives.

The foolish four knew of the beast in the woods. The teachers and parents warned, the townsfolk whispered, and recently the paper brought news of three missing young men found dead in the woods. But never mind all that. Today these four children were, according to Adam, to become heroes, monster hunters, the stuff of legends. Adam, of course, was the leader, as always. He had gathered the other three around him, forming a sort of square.

“I shall defend you all, as your leader, with my mighty sword!” Adam declared, hoisting his fantastic sword, an old stick, to the gray sky, tossing back his hazel-brown hair with a flourish. Bertie looked up at him in awe, just as he always did. Bertie was Adam’s best friend, 10 years old like Adam but stalkier with fair hair. They were both best friends since before they could remember and spent every day after school at each other’s houses. 

The other two boys were younger. Connor and Sean Wallace were 9 and 5 respectively. The brothers had flaming red hair and sparkling blue eyes. They had moved to the town in January from Ireland after their father died. They were mostly quiet, but when they did speak their voices rang with the melodious tones of their homeland.

“I don’t reckon you’re plannin’ on goin’ in there,” Connor said, his bright blue eyes nervously flitting across the forest line. “That’s where the beast is.”

Adam shot him an irritated glance. “That is the plan, we are monster hunters after all. We’re going to find that beast and kill it!”

“But–but they told us not to. It’s dangerous! We could get hurt—”

“Shut up. We’re monster hunters, don’t listen to the old people, they’re looney!!”

“I will go in,” Bertie said loyally.

“Alright then, in we go!” Adam declared.

So, in they went. Three excitedly skipping through the first trees, while one cautiously crept. With Adam leading, sword raised, they stormed through the forest like titans. Past a boulder. Around a pond. Over a fallen tree. Dusk had begun to seize the sky when they finally found the perfect cave. The walls dripped with moisture, leafless vines covered the entrance, and a decrepit tree stood on either side, bent and shriveled with death. Little Sean danced around in a circle and giggled, while Bertie looked at the cave with glee. Connor kept glancing over his shoulder; Adam had a stealed look painted on his face. He held up his mighty sword. Then the sky began to weep again, and they pulled their hoods over their heads.

“What is that?” Connor pointed at a muddy mark on the ground. It looked like a footprint. There were more, leading into the cave. 

Adam investigated and announced, “Monster tracks. We’re going in my crew, heave ho!”

Conner did not like this, looked at Adam with a furrowed brow, and said with concern, “if we really have found monster tracks, then I say we should tell the grownups. It’s too dangerous. We could die Adam, we could die!”

Adam laughed. He laughed some more. Then Bertie joined in. Even Sean, aloof, began to giggle. When Adam had finally gained control over his outbursts, he shouted, “we are going in! We are monster hunters, and I shall kill the monster with my sword and rid these lands of this beast!!”

Conner didn’t look so sure of that and said warily, “I’m staying out here.”

“That’s right, you’ll be our guard’” Adam proclaimed. He then turned toward the cave and under his breath muttered, “looney.”

Bertie copied Adam and whispered stupidly, “looney.”

So in they went, except Connor who was stationed just outside the mouth of the cave. All flashlights clicked on at the same time, as was Adam’s orders.

Dark and brooding stood the thing. Its ghastly sunken face loomed 5 feet above their heads, suspended from an unnaturally tall and twisted body like a rotting tree. The thing opened its mouth, revealing a cavern of rows and rows of sharp teeth, and it inhaled with a raspy gurgling sound, sucking out the light of their flashlights. The shadow neared them, and footsteps thundered off of the cave walls. Then the noise abruptly stopped, the tall shadow right before them. Adam screamed and jumped forward, swinging his sword wildly in all directions. Then a piercing shriek came from Bertie, beside him. The monster growled and its footsteps boomed out of the cave. Sean started to cry as moans of agony came from Bertie’s hunched shadow. Adam rushed towards him and dragged him out of the cave, ordering Sean to follow.

Now he could see Bertie’s face; a slash ran across his left eye from his forehead to his left cheek. Adam looked at his mighty sword. Its tip was red with blood, and Adam smiled giddily.

“Look Bertie, I wounded the beast! I sliced at him like a true monster hunter, and scared him away. Now he shall have a great scar to remember me by. Hah!”

Bertie moaned, clutching his ruined eye with both hands.

Connor then rushed from his hiding spot in the bushes towards the three, a look of horror on his pale face.

“It’s comin’ back!! It’s comin’ back, run!!!”  

They heard the crashing footsteps quickly nearing them once again. Adam grabbed Bertie’s arm and pulled him while Connor swooped up his little brother into his arms.

Then they became like all things hunted, running breathlessly and numbly; deer leaping over logs, hares bounding amongst the ferns, mice scurrying through the grass. But the thing was fast. 

Tears in their eyes, hearts pounding vigorously, legs aching, the boys ran, Adam still pulling Bertie along and Conner carrying Sean. Their clothes tore as the branches and bushes snatched at them like gnarled hands and fingers; the rocks tripped them, making them stumble into muddy puddles that filled their boots; even the wind seemed to be fighting against them as it pelted raindrops in their faces at a slant; nevertheless, they sprinted as fast as they could. Over the fallen tree. Around the pond. Past the boulder. The footsteps subsided, but their fear had not and so they mindlessly continued to flee in panic.

The rain fell like arrows shot from heaven, the inky stain of death from the fallen sun had bled through all remaining daylight, making it difficult to see, but still they stumbled on.

The four finally reached the town. Though lamps were lit the streets were bare. They struggled toward the first house, and pounded on its vivid red door. Exhausted, panting, Adam released Bertie and Connor set Sean on the sheltered porch. The door opened and an elderly man, back bent with age, looked down upon the ragged boys. “You hunted it, didn’t you? Come in you fools! You should have heeded the warnings. You could have lost more than an eye!”

The End

Science

Learn About Your Body – The Skeletal System!

by Aleena Haimor

Wow! We’re already three systems in! Next up on our list of the body’s systems to learn about is the skeletal system. The skeleton is made up of bones, which act as the body’s support system. 

Here are some of the most important bones in your body:

  1. Skull – Protects the brain and sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.), making it vital for protecting the central nervous system.
  2. Spine (Vertebral Column) – Protects the spinal cord, allows flexibility, and supports the body’s weight. It is crucial for movement and posture.
  3. Femur – The thigh bone is the longest and strongest bone, supporting much of the body’s weight during movement, walking, and running.
  4. Pelvis – Supports the upper body’s weight while standing, walking, and running, and protects vital organs such as the bladder and reproductive organs.
  5. Rib Cage – Protects the heart and lungs, two of the most vital organs for survival.
Source: teachpe.com

The skeletal system is super cool! Some facts about it are: as a child, you have around 270 bones, but as you get older, some of them fuse together to get 206 bones. Another fact is that there are different types of bones, including Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones and Sesamoid bones.

In the end, each body system makes its own contributions to the body, and the skeletal system is no different!

News

Air and Naval Power in WWII – What Were Its Effects and Was It Worth It?

by Emery Pugh

The 1900s were a period of military technological revolution. The airplane changed the scope of warfare and was constantly improved upon since its invention. Radar and sonar were introduced during WWII. Battleships gained more and more firepower and had cannons that could launch projectiles farther and farther. Aircraft carriers were emerging as an extremely important asset in naval tactics. So how did the airplane and the warship impact World War II?

Air forces and navies were used as auxiliaries to enhance ground operations. If you had naval or air parity with another country, it meant that neither country was able to destroy enough air or naval assets of the enemy to gain an advantage. Superiority meant that you could attack enemy ground troops with little worry of opposition, and supremacy meant total control – you could do whatever you intended in that realm with almost no resistance because you had destroyed all or nearly all of the enemy’s assets (planes or ships) in that realm and their industrial capability to produce more. Air power was used to target the enemy’s industrial capacity by using strategic bombers, such as the Boeing B-29 Superfortress (see image below). Tactical and attack bombers could provide valuable support to land operations, and fighters patrolled the skies to attempt to shoot down enemy bombers and other fighters. Naval power could be used to bombard coastal military bases and industrial factories. Each type of ship was generally specialized for one or two purposes. The main types of ships are: aircraft carriers, which were used as mobile airbases, battleships to counter surface threats with their immense firepower, battlecruisers as a lighter and more mobile version of a battleship, destroyers for scouting and neutralizing enemy submarines, cruisers mainly for anti-air with some surface combat elements, submarines for stealth and surprise, and support ships for resupplying oil, food, and other resources.

Image of a B-29 Superfortress strategic bomber

How did each military of the six major powers in World War II – the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan – use air and naval power? The Germans had huge initial successes against its neighbors with its army-focused military, though they did have an air force and a navy. The German Luftwaffe, the name for the German air force, was highly lethal at the beginning of the war. The German Kriegsmarine (the German navy) consisted primarily of U-Boats, also called submarines. Despite how effective the Germans were against its neighbors like France, though, they couldn’t seem to dominate Great Britain or any of the other Allied powers the same way. That’s because the German military could only fight efficiently against enemies a short distance away. The German air force did not have very many long-ranged bombers like the United States or Great Britain. In fact, they did not build a single four-engine bomber throughout the entire war. Once they realized the importance of aircraft carriers and how far behind they were in the production of aircraft carriers, the Germans started mass-producing hundreds of submarines to compensate for the lack of aircraft carriers. Not the right move.

Image of a German U-Boat

Militarily, Italy usually took a back seat to Germany. For the Italians, the main battlefront was in North Africa against the British and later the Americans as well. Italy’s navy and air force didn’t play a major role, but the navy was mainly used to protect supply routes and maintain superiority in the Mediterranean. Both Italy’s navy and air force were outmatched by the British and Americans in technology and coordination. Italian officers were often overly cautious because of Italy’s limited resources available to produce military assets.

Japan’s naval strategy was aimed at one goal: to defeat the American Pacific Fleet as fast as possible. Japan knew that they would lose in a war of attrition against the United States, since the U.S. had far more industrial capacity. To begin with, Japan actually had a more powerful navy and air force, in terms of numbers. The Japanese not only had industrial shortcomings, but also the lack of the ability to train enough pilots. Japan used island bases as “unsinkable” yet immobile aircraft carriers. These islands created a ring of defense for the Home Islands. Yet they had a major problem: they could not supply their military with enough fuel and across such great distances between the Pacific islands and their sources of oil. However, American submarines intervened in Japanese shipping routes to disrupt their stratagem. Japan’s air strategy was built on surprise and quick yet sharp strikes, like at Pearl Harbor. Later in the war, Japan shifted to a more defensive stance and opted for kamikazes (suicide by crashing into enemy ships with planes). They hoped that enough people would be willing to sacrifice themselves for the survival of Japan and the kamikazes would be successful so as to sink a sufficient number of American ships to have a chance at winning the war.

The Soviet Union did not have a major air force or navy. About 80% of their military personnel were in the army. Russia did not have motivation to have a sizable navy or air force, since the only goal of their military was to stop Germany from taking Moscow. They were more likely to invest their resources into making an artillery unit or a tank than a strategic bomber or a battleship, for example.

Great Britain had the largest and most powerful navy going into World War II. The Royal Air Force (RAF) was also arguably superior to all other air forces. Britain’s approach to fighting the war was defensive for the first couple years. Its air force engaged the German Luftwaffe in the famous Battle of Britain, successfully preventing the Germans from launching an invasion of the British Isles. The RAF launched strategic bombing campaigns against the Axis Powers in Europe (primarily Germany) and provided intelligence on German troop movements. Elements of the RAF were stationed across the world (mostly in Europe), such as Norway and Greece, to help defend those countries from Germany and Italy. Their navy was critical in protecting transport ships from their colonies, such as Canada, Australia, and India. Near the end of the war, combined British and American naval forces gained naval supremacy (complete control over the seas) in relation to the European Axis powers, which allowed them to execute Operation Overlord, also known as the amphibious landing at Normandy or D-Day.

Last but certainly not least, we come to the United States of America. The United States entered World War II with a comparatively small constable force to the major European powers, since they had no reason to have a large military – it’s not like the U.S. was planning to invade Canada or Mexico, and we didn’t want to get involved in WWII, although we sympathized with the Allies. At the outset of the war, the United States had around 1.4 million active-duty troops. After WWII, that number increased to over 12 million, which was the largest mobilization ever performed in the history of warfare. America’s air force had only around fifteen hundred planes when they entered World War II in 1941. Four years later, they had a staggering 80,000 planes. Similarly, the American Navy also experienced rapid expansion in the extreme: in 1941, the United States had approximately 790 ships and 8 aircraft carriers. At the end of WWII, they had a mind-blowing 6,800 ships and over 100 aircraft carriers, an unimaginable industrial feat. The naval tonnage (how much the navy weighs) of the United States exceeded that of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan combined after 1945. Yet a highly productive economy was not the only reason why the United States was able to become such a great military power. While Japan’s admirals had vaunted reputations due to the empire Japan had established in the Pacific, they did not adapt to the new style of naval warfare that was taking hold. Admiral Yamamoto’s tactics were based on outdated and conventional teachings. He wished to engage the Americans in classic style with battleships. On the contrary, most American admirals, such as Chester A. Nimitz and later Arleigh Burke, recognized the importance of aircraft carriers and preferred more mobile ships such as destroyers over the clunky and slow battleship. In both the European and Pacific theaters, the United States supported ground operations (in the Pacific, U.S. Marines to take islands) and had strategic bombing campaigns to destroy the Axis Powers’ ability to produce enough naval and air assets to fight back.

Image of an Essex Class aircraft carrier

So, going back to one of our original questions, was air and naval power worth it? For the United States alone, approximately 90,000 airmen and 62,000 naval crewmen died. Hundreds of thousands of airmen and naval crewmen died from all countries engaged in World War II. More than 20,000 ships and submarines were sunk, and over 100,000 aircraft were destroyed. Accounting for modern day inflation, the budget for WWII was over $4.1 trillion for all countries combined. Air and naval power accounted for a significant portion of that amount. Despite all that, in my opinion, air and naval power was worth it. Because without it, the Allies would likely not have won World War II. Many lives were lost, but at the same time, many lives were saved. If air and naval power were not as preeminent as they were, ground forces would have to fight many more fierce battles, resulting in far more casualties than what actually happened.

You might be thinking: if air and naval power reduced casualties, why does World War II have the most casualties of any war, including World War I? That’s a good question. To explain the immense amount of death and injuries, you can turn to Germany and Japan. The German and Japanese armies were not just conventional armies; they were slaughtering machines, instructed to kill anyone in sight whether in a military uniform or not. Approximately nineteen million Russian civilians were killed by the Germans (excluding the 8 million military deaths), and around 15-20 million Chinese civilians were killed by the Japanese (this estimate varies: some say around 7 million, others as high as 50 million). Russia and China weren’t the only places of mass killing, though. Japan committed war crimes all around the Pacific, killing millions from whatever territory they happened to conquer. Germany had thousands of infamous concentration camps, where millions of people were sentenced to death (primarily Jews). As you can see, a major part of deaths in World War II were not caused by battles. Air and naval power, in the end, saved lives.

I’ll wrap it up with one of the most debated subjects in World War II: the droppings of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Some think of it as an inhumane war crime. Others call it a show of power to scare the Soviet Union. Still others think it was used as a method to quickly end the war. Yet another viewpoint argues that it was a way of getting back at the Japanese for Pearl Harbor and the other atrocities the Japanese committed. There are countless different perspectives on this topic, but I don’t agree with any of those listed above. Japan had refused to surrender for months and stated that they would fight until the end. The United States had three options: execute a ground invasion of Japan, continue to fire-bomb the Home Islands, or drop nuclear weapons. A ground invasion of Japan could potentially cost tens of millions of lives (especially due to the suicidal nature of Japanese soldiers and civilians), and fire-bombing Japan would similarly cost millions of lives. The atomic bombs killed at most half a million people (accounting for deaths caused by aftereffects), which stands in sharp contrast when compared with the other two options. Nobody supports the use of nuclear weapons, and half a million lives is still a lot, but there was no other better option at the time. The U.S. dropped the second bomb only because Japan still refused to surrender. Based on this reasoning, I think the real motive of the United States dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was simply to save lives.

Arts and Culture, Student Life

As We Walk Through the Woods – A Poem

As we walk through the woods,
we try with all our might
to make memory of this beautiful night.
For we stand under the stars of the sky.
We talk til day has come,
and sun has risen.
As we walk through the woods,
I can’t help but grieve.
For it is a time of sorrow,
a time of loss,
a time of death,
a time to mourn with what’s left.
But the war is over,
the war is won.
We have battled the last battle
and we have won!
Peace has fallen, ground is regained.
Plants regrown,
buildings rebuilt,
as we walk through the woods

By guest author Jonathan David

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Hudson Ebach – Staff Writer

Hudson, 15, has been with TVE for about three years. Being in a Military family, Hudson has spent most of his time moving around the US, only sticking around the eastern part until 2021. So Hudson seems like this alien from Michigan, but anyway, Hudson enjoys spending his time either listening to Will Wood, playing video games such as BeamNG.drive, Stardew Valley and Halo: Reach, editing videos/skits, making skits such as Skater Dave, Go Karting, drawing, and hanging out with his friends and family.

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Camden S. – Technology Editor

Camden S. is 15 years old and enjoys spending his free time coding, creating board games and making stuff with his 3D printer. Also, he loves animals, especially dogs. He enjoys reading and his favorite subjects to learn about are history and science. A passion of his has always been computers and he loves learning about how they work, and his future job will probably have something to do with computer science. He is always excited to learn more about the world around him. An interest of his since a young age has been paleontology and he has always loved Jurassic Park! Another thing he enjoys is being in nature and exploring new places. He is excited to explore Europe and Hawaii the most. He also enjoys fencing and would like to participate in tournaments in the near future. He likes playing games like chess, risk and monopoly with his family and friends.